Dépassement de l'objet social
Auteur | Michel de Wolf Wolf/Patrick de Wolf Wolf/Pierre Nicaise Nicaise/Laurent Stas de Richelle Richelle |
Occupation de l'auteur | Réviseur d'entreprises/Avocat/Notaire/Avocat |
Pages | 145-146 |
Page 145
La société est engagée même par les actes de ses organes qui excèdent l'objet social.
Le législateur a prévu des dispositions originales, avec un principe et une exception.
Le principe: la société est engagée même par les actes de ses organes qui ne relèvent pas de l'objet social.
Une exception: la mauvaise foi des tiers. La mauvaise foi du tiers libérera la société en cas de dépassement de l'objet social. Mais cette mauvaise foi, élément psychologique, est strictement définie puisque sa réalisation dépendra, en pratique, de la rédaction statutaire de l'objet social, d'une part, et de la portée de l'acte, d'autre part.
La société est liée (...) à moins qu'elle ne prouve que le tiers savait que l'acte dépassait cet objet
. Il faut non seulement prouver que le tiers connaissait l'objet social, mais aussi qu'il avait conscience de l'inadéquation de l'acte à l'objet. La preuve est difficile à rapporter, la plupart des actes intéressant directement ou indirectement l'activité sociale.
Tel est même le cas, d'après notre Cour suprême, d'un acte de disposition à titre gratuit. Jugé, en effet, que pour tous les actes juridiques que n'exclut pas sa nature d'être moral, la capacité d'une société dotée de la personnalité juridique est, en principe, la même que celle d'une personne physique, si la loi ne l'a pas restreinte. Un acte de disposition à titre gratuit n'est pas nécessairement incompatible avec la nature même d'une société commerciale, sa licéité étant toutefois subordonnée à la condition que cet acte soit, fût-ce indirectement, accompli en vue d'atteindre l'objet social [Cass. (1er ch.), 13 avril 1989, J.T., 1990, p. 751].
La société est liée (...) à moins qu'elle ne prouve que le...
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