Double imposition franco-belge : la Cour de cassation condamne la position de l'administration
Auteur | Martin Van Beirs |
L'invraisemblable problème que rencontrent depuis plusieurs années les résidents belges qui détiennent des intérêts dans des sociétés françaises n'est pas neuf : alors que les deux pays sont liés par une convention préventive de la double imposition (CPDI), ils subissent néanmoins une telle double imposition sur leurs dividendes perçus en France !
Pour rappel, la Convention prévoit, à l'instar de la plupart des conventions de ce type, que les dividendes et intérêts sont en principe imposables dans l'Etat de résidence (en l'espèce, la Belgique), tout en autorisant un système de retenue à la source de 15 % maximum au profit de l'Etat de la source du revenu (la France).
Pour éviter la double imposition qui peut en résulter, l’article 19, A, 1, de la CPDI, prévoit expressément que pour les dividendes qui ont effectivement supporté en France la retenue la source et qui sont recueillis par des résidents belges, "l'impôt dû en Belgique sur leur montant net de retenue française sera diminué, d'une part, du précompte mobilier perçu au taux normal, et, d'autre part, de la quotité forfaitaire d'impôt étranger déductible dans les conditions fixées par la législation belge, sans que cette quotité puisse être inférieure à 15 pour cent dudit montant net".
Dans ce système, la retenue à la source de 15 % en France est donc compensée par une imputation égale de 15 % en Belgique.
Le mécanisme conventionnel est donc parfaitement neutre pour le contribuable, ce qui est le but même de la convention, et il s'est montré tout aussi efficace pendant de nombreuses années, la quotité forfaitaire d'impôt étranger (QFIE) imputable selon le droit interne belge étant elle-même fixée à 15 %.
A la fin des années 80, le législateur belge a toutefois décidé de réduire unilatéralement cette QFIE à ... 0 % (!) et, depuis lors, l'administration fiscale s'estime en droit de taxer les dividendes d'origine française au taux prévu par la loi belge, sans accorder la moindre imputation à titre de QFIE...
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