Successions internationales : nouvelles possibilités de planification
Auteur | Sylvie Leyder |
Un nouveau règlement européen visant à harmoniser, dans l’Union Européenne, les conflits de lois en matière successorale est entré en vigueur le 17 août 2015 (Règlement européen n° 650/2012).
Sont visés par ce règlement, les conflits de loi qui naissent au décès de personnes ayant changé d’Etat de résidence ou qui avaient acquis des biens à l’étranger.
Dans pareilles situations, la Belgique appliquait un système de scission, à savoir que pour les biens meubles, la loi successorale était celle de la dernière résidence du défunt, alors que pour les biens immeubles, la loi applicable était celle de leur situation. Avec la conséquence, par exemple, dans le cas d’un résident belge laissant un bien immeuble en France, que son conjoint survivant se voyait octroyer, par la loi belge, l’usufruit sur tous les biens meubles et que la loi française, applicable à l’immeuble, laissait au conjoint survivant le choix entre l’usufruit sur la totalité de l’immeuble ou la pleine propriété d’un quart de l’immeuble.
Afin de faciliter le règlement des successions internationales, le règlement européen pose deux principes.
Tout d’abord, le règlement consacre le système de l’unité : sauf disposition contraire dans le règlement, la loi applicable à l’ensemble de la succession (meubles et immeubles) est celle du pays dans lequel le défunt avait sa résidence habituelle au moment de son décès. A titre exceptionnel, lorsqu’il résultera de l’ensemble des circonstances de fait, qu’au moment de son décès, le défunt présentait des liens plus étroits avec un autre Etat, la loi de cet Etat prévaudra.
Ensuite, le règlement prévoit qu’une personne peut, de son vivant, choisir comme loi régissant l’ensemble de sa succession, la loi du pays dont elle possède la nationalité au moment où elle fait son choix ou au moment de son décès. Ceci permettra de maintenir la même loi...
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